A new study published in The Lancet Microbe has that found that the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between different bacteria is considerably more widespread than previously thought.
Researchers at the Ineos Oxford Institute for antimicrobial research (IOI) at Oxford University and Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University in China have developed a new approach, called culture-independent conjugation, to study the transmission of plasmids between bacteria sampled from hospital wastewater.
Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA that move between neighbouring bacteria (the ‘donor’ giving the plasmid and the ‘recipient’ receiving the plasmid) in a process called conjugation. Plasmids containing antibiotic resistance genes are a major driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), including resistance against carbapenem- a ‘last-resort’ antibiotic. Carbapenem-resistant bacteria are thought to cause between 50 000 and 100 000 deaths worldwide each year.
Up until now, conjugation has been mainly measured with pure cultures containing only one species of bacteria. This has limited understanding of how AMR spreads in bacterial communities in humans, animals and the environment.
This novel technique, which took over five years to develop, enables conjugation to be assessed in communities of mixed bacteria species, simulating environmental conditions. It is also the first of its kind to model the spread of multidrug resistant plasmids using non-culture methods. The technique can also be readily applied to any aquatic or semi-aquatic samples.
Researchers investigated a plasmid called IncX3 (pX3_NDM-5) which carries carbapenem-resistance genes (called NDM-5). This has become globally dominant; however, until now, its spread between bacteria was poorly understood.
The study culture-independent conjugation to investigate the transmission of pX3_NDM-5 plasmids between bacteria sampled from wastewater from a hospital in Fuzhou, China.
The study found that this plasmid and others, have a much broader host-range and was spread across many types of bacteria including completely unrelated recipients. This included bacteria which are difficult to culture, suggesting such microbes could be potential plasmid reservoirs contributing to the spread of AMR.
These findings suggest that the spread of resistance genes by plasmids is much more widespread than previously thought, highlighting the importance of AMR surveillance across environment, people and animals.
We know that overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans contributes to antimicrobial resistance. This study proves that AMR is being spread in the environment around us, not just hospitals and clinics.
People, animals and ecosystems are interconnected around the world, therefore there is an urgent need to use more creative approaches to understand the dynamics of rising bacterial resistance to our last –resort antibiotics.
This research can be applied to other plasmids carrying resistance genes – it is very likely plasmids thought to have a narrow host range can in fact be spread between lots of different bacteria. Research exploring the host range of multidrug resistant plasmids is urgently needed to prevent the growing burden of drug-resistant globally.
These results also break the common assumption that bacteria that are extremely resistant to antibiotics, Gram-negative bacteria, cannot readily exchange antibiotic resistant genes with Gram-positive bacteria – the latter being easier to treat with antibiotics.
The study also explored environmental stressors on the plasmid transfer, finding that chlorine can modulate plasmid conjugation. Chlorine is commonly used as a hospital disinfectant and enters hospital wastewater systems, indicating a need to consider the usage of such disinfectants in the face of increasing AMR.
This research developed a novel method to further our understanding on the spread of AMR - where and how plasmids are shared between bacteria, particularly plasmids carrying clinically important antibiotic resistant genes. Future work will further examine environmental stressors including those associated with climate change and environmental pollution.
Our data demonstrates the urgent need for One Health AMR surveillance. What we are currently witnessing in terms of AMR plasmid dynamics could be the ‘tip of the iceberg’. One Health AMR surveillance is of critical importance– we need to understand the bigger picture of AMR from an environmental, human and animal context so we can find sustainable interventions to curb the spread of multidrug resistant plasmids
Read the full paper in the Lancet Microbe here: Interphylum dissemination of NDM-5-positive plasmids in hospital wastewater from Fuzhou, China: a single-centre, culture-independent, plasmid transmission study - The Lancet Microbe
A commentary for this study in the Lancet Microbe can be accessed here: Green light for improving our understanding of AMR spread - The Lancet Microbe